I don’t know of a way to determine an SSID over the internet from just an IP, no. I’d either need to sniff traffic from your machine or run software on your machine to get the information to then lookup in one of the maps/databases.

It’s far from the only source of this data, and yes it can be used to geolocate you: https://hackers-arise.com/osint-tracking-the-suspects-precise-location-using-wigle-net/

I can’t find a link now, but I remember seeing an article in the past about watching for what networks someone’s laptop checks to see if they are available (saved networks it auto-joins) and using them to determine likely physical locations it is commonly located in.